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Copyright Issues and the Purpose of this Archive

These two studies are part of a series of units to be released over the next couple of years. Each will consist of several hundred photos, a wide range of sound effects, recorded interviews, and in some cases video clips. Posted on the World Wide Web this material is free of any restriction as to copyright when used in schools. 

Having completed his first school assignments on slates, the author is mindful of how things have changed and aims now to provide raw materials free of copyright restrictions which students can use world-wide in the preparation of the power point presentations which are a feature of classrooms in the 21st Century. 

He hopes that in the process of so doing, students will not only value more highly the diversity of environments and peoples in the wider world, but also learn to tolerate, even affirm, cultural differences within their own community -- together with the need to reduce their environmental footprint. 

He hopes, too, that they will be able to produce assignments of which they can be justifiably. Photographs can of course be obtained from a variety of sources: what makes this archive unique is the provision of sounds to match.

The only condition attached to the use of this material in the classroom is the same as that which applies to any assignment which draws upon material produced by someone else – namely that students footnote their sources. 

Since the originals of these photographs are now lodged in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, and the low resolution copies included in this project are reproduced courtesy of the museum, a correct citation should read:

Tyman, John. "Inuit: People of the Arctic," 
(or Tyman, John. "Sawos: People of New Guinea,")
Bill Hillman's  EduTech Research Project, at Brandon University, Canada, 2009. 
Copyright the Pitt Rivers Museum at the University of Oxford. 

Though schools and the like do not need permission to use any of this material, 
the author would be delighted to hear (via gmail) from anyone who found it useful or has further questions.

Anyone interested in the commercial use of this material should contact: 
rights@prm.ox.ac.uk for photos and
 johntyman2@gmail.com.au  for sound recordings and video clips. 
Additional cultural material can be sourced easily via the internet from www.prm.ox.ac.uk

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Introduction to Inuit Portal

Dr. Tyman lived with an Inuit family at what was then Spence Bay in the Canadian Arctic for three periods, of between two and three months each, in 1988, 1989 and 1990 – in spring, summer and winter. (To have lived there for 9 months straight would have placed an unreasonable burden on his hosts, since looking after geriatric academics on the ice can be tiring if not tiresome!) He was fortunate enough to live with the family of Alookee and his wife Anaoyok, both of whom are remarkably gifted. Alookee was not only a great hunter, he was also celebrated as an artist, photographer, licensed lay preacher, church organist, and chairman of the local council. Anaoyok was a gifted designer of Arctic clothing and had previously managed a co-operative that received national acclaim for its production of the uniforms for Canada’s Winter Olympics. She was an expert practitioner of a variety of crafts, co-author of a book on Inuit Dolls, a pillar of the local church, an active member of a range of community groups, and a generous host. This program, accordingly, is dedicated to them both, with thanksgiving. Hitherto their story has been shared only with children in Australia: now it can be appreciated worldwide.

Since these materials were collected 20 years ago the picture they present is necessarily dated, at least in part: so students are encouraged to use the Internet to ensure their presentations are up to date. Previously part of Canada’s Northwest Territories, the Boothia Peninsula over which Alookee hunted is now part of a separate Inuit territory known as Nunavut, meaning “Our Land,” and the town of Spence Bay is now known as Taloyoak. With the change in government, the way services are delivered has changed in part, and this has had a particular impact on the quality of education. 

Of yet greater significance in the long-term have been the results of industrial expansion further south and the impact of temperature changes world-wide. Global warming has resulted in thinner ice and more lives and vehicles lost. The clothes drying in frame 68 of the unit on Clothing and Shelter were soaked when Alookee fell through the ice at a point where in years gone by it had always been safe to travel. While the thinning of river ice and the early break-up of pack ice at sea has interfered appreciably with Inuit hunting in spring, it has had a devastating effect on the migration of polar bears then. In addition the melting of the frozen subsoil (or “permafrost”)  has left great scars on the tundra wherever heavy vehicles have been used during the warmer months (destroying the plant cover), and houses have collapsed in town when their foundations dissolved in mud. Pollutants generated by factories in North America, Europe and Asia have also led to a dramatic increase in the contamination of Arctic waters; and both fish and seals are now so high in toxins that are a threat to public health. 

And so it goes on! It is a perfect demonstration of the fact that we share just one earth and one atmosphere. We can no longer assume we can live in isolation from our neighbours.  What they do affects us, and what we do can have a disastrous impact on their way of life – especially in an environment where the forces working for and against the survival of plants and animals, as well as human beings, have always been  delicately balanced. 

 www.johntyman.com/arctic

I lived in the village of Torembi in north-western PNG for six months or so in total. I went there first in December-January of 1980-81 and returned for a similar period in 1981-82. I travelled there with a friend, an ethnomusicologist, staying in the "haus kiap"-- a building provided for visiting officials. The latter visited Torembi regularly in "colonial days", but since independence the government's representative has rarely been able to leave his office in Wewak. As a result the haus kiap was in urgent need of repair. 

The people among whom we lived were hospitable and generous in the extreme, sharing with us food items of which they had only a limited supply. They also demonstrated a wonderful openness, and great patience, in sharing their stories with us (and ignoring my camera and tape recorder). Special thanks are due to Antonia Mungun, whom I hounded for days-on-end non-stop -- from her bedside at dawn to her sago swamp, garden or market place; and back again! Lucas Mapat was my companion, guard and guide in the bush in 1980-81 and 1981-82. And Norbert Tapi was "our man in Torembi" in 1994 … and later, in that he collected the original drafts of the legends. 

The highlight of our first visit was the dedication of a new "Spirit House" in Torembi 3 (a once-in-a-lifetime experience) and the photos of its opening all date from this time. Most of the photos of daily life were taken in December/January of 1980-81 and 1981-82. Additional still images were collected in 1994: and the videos were all taken in June of that year. All photos and recordings were taken in and around Torembi. The video images were captured using a borrowed Hi8 camera: the quality is less than perfect but some of the sequences are unique. 

The purpose of the return trip in 1994 was to resolve questions raised during earlier trips: but it was also an opportunity to observe changes that had taken place. The saddest thing was the death in the meantime of several of the "big men" we had come to know. (The life expectancy of men in PNG is just 54 years!) They were the custodians of much tribal tradition, including music, and the community was impoverished by their loss -- since few young men had been properly initiated. 

Faster transport, with the bridging of the creeks to the north and the availability of a "road" open intermittently to 4WD vehicles, had allowed the importation of the beer which has undermined the social fabric of communities elsewhere. Torembi is unlikely to suffer the degree of violence experienced in the cities of PNG, but signs of stress were obvious even then. I was not aware in 1994 of any cases of HIV infection, but there may well be some now, for in recent years the number of people with AIDS in PNG has increased dramatically. 

There had also been occasions when a generator was brought up-river on a motorized canoe, to allow for the presentation of movies and TV shows on DVD. They, too, are bound to have an impact on traditional values and culture. And these processes are likely to continue. 

. John Tyman Biography  John Tyman was born in England and after service in the British army and study at Oxford University he moved to Canada in 1959, first to McGill University in Montreal and then to Brandon, Manitoba, where he established the Department of Geography in 1962. His particular academic interest then was historical and cultural geography, and his doctoral thesis at Oxford examined processes at work in pioneer settlement, on the Prairies in general and Western Manitoba in particular. Serving as Dean of Science in 1974 and 1975 he then moved to Australia, which he had visited previously on a post-doctoral fellowship from the Canada Council (lecturing at universities in Perth and Townsville).

In Australia John was employed initially as Principal Lecturer in Social Studies and Head of the Division of Humanities at the Mount Gravatt Campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education. He was later appointed associate professor of education at Griffith University, and between 1976 and 1990 was involved in the training of teachers -- sharing with trainees his enthusiasm both for the study of other cultures and for ways to communicate this enthusiasm in the classroom. During this time he indulged his interest in indigenous societies by living for extended periods of time with ordinary families in a range of environments – from the snowy wastes of the Arctic to the Equatorial rainforests of Papua New Guinea, and from the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to windswept salt pans (below sea level) in the Sahara. In so doing he wanted to experience first-hand the realities of daily living under often difficult conditions and, using a variety of cameras and tape recorders, to produce “snapshots” of evolving societies at a particular point in time. The aim of these portals, in consequence, is to provide both students and teachers with samples drawn from the enormous volume of material he collected during those years, and to do so in a form which they can actually use.

John “retired” from Griffith University in December 1990, and thereafter toured schools in Queensland and New South Wales for 15 years. He was employed initially as a Religious Education Consultant, and invested much energy in improving the status of faiths other than Christianity in the classrooms of a multicultural society. Frustrated by red tape and a plethora of committee meetings, however, he left the Department of Education a year later. He was then licensed to tour schools with an independent resource program aimed at bridging racial and religious divides and developing cross-cultural understanding. Drawing upon the audio-visual material he had collected over the years and a vast collection of artifacts, he offered programs that were both interactive and multi-sensory  -- demonstrating the principle he had expounded at teacher’s college, that the best lessons are always orgies … in which all the senses are involved!

He was "on the road" for 14 years with a van crammed with teaching materials. During that time he drove over half a million kilometres and taught 300,000 children. Schools were invited to chose from a repertoire of “Cultures in Context” (Inuit, Maasai, Bedouin etc.) but the underlying message was always the same: 

1. That people differ in the way they order their lives and in the things they value most;
2. That there is usually a good reason why people in different natural and human settings do things differently. For example, the term "Eskimo", meaning "eater of raw flesh", was invented by Indian tribes living in forests further south. Most of us would also consider eating raw meat a trifle bizarre: but if you have no firewood because it is too cold for trees (as it is in the Arctic) it makes sense.
3. One's capacity for tolerance, therefore, grows in accordance with one’s depth of understanding; whereas prejudice is nourished by ignorance and fear of the unknown.
4. All people, regardless of how different they may appear to be, actually have much in common. We are all human beings, living on the self-same planet, and we must learn to live together.

A radical lay preacher for 40 years (vilified in Brandon for championing the cause of its Indian and Metis peoples) he was ordained an Anglican priest some years back and has charge of a country church in northern New South Wales, where he is again trying to bridge divides between different faiths. Between times now he struggles to identify the thousands of photos he is cataloguing for inclusion in Professor Hillman's archive … before he loses his mind completely! When he was appointed Dean of Science at Brandon long ago, he was warned by his predecessor that "old deans never die, they just lose their faculties".